How the immune system works and how to support it
The immune system is the body’s natural defence network, designed to protect against infections caused by harmful microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. It consists of multiple layers of defence, including physical and chemical barriers that prevent pathogens from entering tissues, specialized immune cells that detect and eliminate threats, and signalling proteins that coordinate immune responses throughout the body. Together, these components allow the immune system to respond rapidly to infections and develop memory to protect against future exposure.
The body’s first line of defence includes barriers such as the skin, mucosal tissues, and the body’s natural microbiota. These systems help prevent harmful organisms from entering the body using mechanisms like antimicrobial peptides, acidic environments, and digestive enzymes. Although the human body hosts trillions of microorganisms, the majority are harmless or beneficial, playing an important role in maintaining immune balance and overall health.
If pathogens do enter the body, immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells act quickly to identify and eliminate them. These cells often destroy extracellular pathogens by engulfing them, while natural killer cells target infected cells within the body by triggering programmed cell death. The immune response is initiated when immune cells recognize specific signals from invading pathogens through specialized receptors.
Proteins known as cytokines play a critical role in coordinating the immune response. They act as communication signals between cells, helping regulate immune activity such as activation, suppression, survival, and cell differentiation. This complex signalling system is essential for maintaining homeostasis, which refers to the body’s internal balance and stability.
A well-functioning immune system not only protects against infections but is also linked to broader aspects of health, including metabolic regulation, cardiovascular health, and even cancer surveillance. While no system can be made “immune to everything,” supporting immune function can help the body respond more effectively to illness and maintain overall resilience.
Key lifestyle factors that help support a healthy immune system include getting adequate sleep (typically 7-9 hours for older adults), maintaining a balanced and nutrient-rich diet, engaging in regular physical activity, managing stress levels, and staying well hydrated. Together, these habits can help strengthen immune function and support long-term health and wellbeing.
The Boom Health app provides trusted, vetted caregivers that can help meet your loved one’s specific needs. You can have peace of mind knowing that someone is always watching you or your loved one, offering support, and assisting with daily activities. If you are interested in booking care for you or your loved one, download the Boom Health app on the App Store or Google Play Store.
This article is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice or diagnosis. Always seek the advice of your physician or another qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
